Utilization of Palm Oil Shells and Boiler Ash as Substitutes for Coarse and Fine Aggregates in Paving Block Production
(Pemanfaatan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dan Abu Boiler Sebagai Substitusi Agregat Kasar dan Halus Dalam Pembuatan Paving Block)
Embedded Files
Lia Laila
Program Studi Teknologi Pengolahan Sawit, Institut Teknologi dan Sains Bandung, Bekasi, Indonesia
M. Qori Zakaria
Program Studi Teknologi Pengolahan Sawit, Institut Teknologi dan Sains Bandung, Bekasi, Indonesia
Mahmud
Program Studi Teknologi Pengolahan Sawit, Institut Teknologi dan Sains Bandung, Bekasi, Indonesia
Okta Nindita Priambodo
Program Studi Pengelolaan dan Teknologi Perkebunan, Institut Teknologi dan Sains Bandung, Bekasi, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19184/bst.v14i3.60073
ABSTRACT
The Indonesian palm oil industry generates substantial quantities of palm kernel shells and boiler bottom ash, whose management remains an environmental concern. Previous studies have generally examined these residues separately or in conventional concrete; however, information on their combined use as substitutes for coarse and fine aggregates in paving blocks with different specimen geometries remains limited. This study evaluated the feasibility of using palm kernel shells and boiler bottom ash in paving blocks through nine mixture compositions (cement: palm kernel shell: boiler ash) and two geometries, hexagonal and cubic. Water absorption and compressive strength were evaluated against SNI 03-0691-1996 criteria. Water absorption ranged from 2.06% to 4.93%, corresponding to Quality Grades A or B. The highest compressive strength was obtained from the cubic specimen with a 45:45:10 composition (11.1 MPa), whereas the highest value for the hexagonal specimen was 8.9 MPa. Four cubic compositions and two hexagonal compositions met the minimum requirement for Quality Grade D. These results indicate that the combined use of palm kernel shells and boiler bottom ash has potential for non-structural paving applications, although further optimization and replicated testing are required before broader application.
Keywords: Boiler bottom ash; circular economy; compressive strength; palm kernel shell; paving block.
Published
18-09-2026
Issue
Vol. 14 No. 3 2026: BERKALA SAINSTEK
Pages
138-149
License
Copyright (c) 2026 BERKALA SAINSTEK
Page updated
Report abuse